"When considering deception, counselors should ask themselves two questions:
(1) Could a truthful alternative to lying be chosen? If so, then counselors should choose to tell the truth rather than lie. Engaging in a lie should be done only as a last resort ...
(2) What moral arguments can be made for and against the choice to lie in the specific situation? ...Finally, the decision to lie should only be made after applying Bok's 'Test of Publicity,' which requires that counselors ask what the public's reaction would be if society knew that the counselors had chosen to lie over telling the truth, given the specific circumstances of some case... If the public would accept and understand the choice to lie rather than tell the truth, then the counselor's decision to lie would be justified." (p.201f)