2. "The liar is more responsible for the harm caused than is the mere deceiver."

"[I]n mere deception, the person deceived participates in his own deception, hence is in part responsible for causing it."

"[T]he victim of deception does not simply believe what is said: He draws an inference which is based on, but not verified by, the evidence offered, and then fails to ask the speaker to confirm the inference."