1. "[T]he liar takes advantage of weakness more than does the deceiver."

"If deception harms the victim's interest in the truth, this harm can occur only if the victim draws an inference grounded on what he has been told (or has observed . . .). We can defend ourselves against this harm by adopting the following maxim . . .: `Believe everything you are told but draw no inferences unless supported by independent evidence.' . . . Such a rule would impose far fewer burdens . . . than a rule which protected against lying . . . [:] `Believe nothing you hear unless it is supported by independent evidence.'"

"Since weakness may be measured by the costs of defense (the more it costs to protect yourself against something, the weaker you are with respect to that thing), and since we are therefore weaker with respect to lying than we are with respect to deception, . . . the liar takes advantage of our weakness to a greater degree than the deceiver, and is consequently morally worse, even though the harm produced by each is the same."